The All New Microsoft Patch Tuesday – January 2025

Microsoft is addressing 161 vulnerabilities this January 2025 Patch Tuesday. Microsoft has evidence of in-the-wild exploitation and/or public disclosure for eight of the vulnerabilities published today, with three listed on CISA KEV. This is now the fourth consecutive month where Microsoft has published zero-day vulnerabilities on Patch Tuesday without evaluating any of them as critical severity at time of publication. Today also sees the publication of nine critical remote code execution (RCE) vulnerabilities. Unusually, Microsoft has not yet published any browser vulnerabilities this month.

Access: triple zero-day RCE

Today sees the publication of three very similar zero-day Microsoft Access vulnerabilities: CVE-2025-21366, CVE-2025-21395, and CVE-2025-21186. In each case, Microsoft notes public disclosure, but does not claim evidence of exploitation in the wild. Successful exploitation leads to code execution via heap-based buffer overflow, and requires that an attacker convince the user to download and open a malicious file.

Curiously, in each case, one portion of the advisory FAQ describes the update protection as “blocking potentially malicious extensions from being sent in an email”, but the remainder of the advisory doesn’t clarify how this would prevent malicious activity. Typically, patches provide protection by blocking malicious files upon receipt of a malicious email attachment, rather than preventing a malicious attachment from being sent in the first place, since an attacker is free to send whatever they like from any system they control.

The FAQ does mention that users who would otherwise have interacted with a malicious attachment will instead receive a notification that there was an attachment but “it cannot be accessed”, which is perhaps the best play on words we’ve seen from MSRC in a while.

Hyper-V NT Kernel Integration VSP: triple zero-day EoP

Microsoft is addressing a trio of related Windows Hyper-V NT Kernel Integration VSP elevation of privilege vulnerabilities today: CVE-2025-21333, CVE-2025-21334, and CVE-2025-21335. Microsoft is aware of exploitation in the wild for all three, as seen on both the Microsoft advisories and CISA KEV. In each case, exploitation leads to SYSTEM privileges. The advisories are short on additional detail, beyond a brief acknowledgement of Anonymous — presumably an undisclosed party, rather than the hacktivist collective — on CVE-2025-21333.

While we can sometimes infer context from prior examples, in this case there aren’t any; there is no mention of Hyper-V NT Kernel Integration VSP in any vulnerability published by Microsoft, at least as far back as 2017. If we look back five years, CVE-2020-16885 does describe an elevation of privilege vulnerability in the Windows storage VSP driver, but there isn’t a lot to go on there either.

The Virtualization Service Provider (VSP) resides in the root partition of a Hyper-V instance, and provides synthetic device support to child partitions over the Virtual Machine Bus (VMBus): it’s the foundation of how Hyper-V allows the child partition to trick itself into thinking that it’s a real computer. Given that the entire thing is a security boundary, it’s perhaps surprising that no Hyper-V NT Kernel Integration VSP vulnerabilities have been acknowledged by Microsoft until today, but it won’t be at all shocking if more now emerge.

The advisories published today do not clarify whether the elevation of privilege is only to SYSTEM within the child partition, but container escape specialists will surely be hunting for exploits in this area.

Windows Themes: zero-day NTLM disclosure

Many enterprise users or even admins may not think about Windows Themes very often, but consider CVE-2025-21308: a spoofing vulnerability where successful exploitation leads to improper disclosure of an NTLM hash, which allows an attacker to impersonate the user from whom it was acquired. Microsoft does not have evidence of in-the-wild exploitation, but does note public disclosure.

The advisory FAQ dances around the exploitation methodology without explaining; what we learn is that once an attacker had somehow delivered a malicious file to the target system, a user would need to manipulate the malicious file, but not necessarily click or open it. Without further detail, we can only speculate, but it’s plausible that simply opening a folder containing the file in Windows Explorer — including the Downloads folder — or inserting a USB drive, would be enough to trigger the vulnerability and see your NTLM hash leak silently for collection by the threat actor.

Some good news: Microsoft has removed NTLMv1 support from Windows 11 24H2 and Server 2025 onwards. Less good: it has been a whole two months since Microsoft last patched a zero-day NTLM disclosure vulnerability; that flaw was within MSHTML/Trident, and Windows 11 24H2 and Server 2025 were still vulnerable, since NTLMv2 is still supported across the board.

On the advisory for CVE-2025-21308, Microsoft does link to documents describing a mitigation technique: restricting NTLM traffic. This is certainly worth a look, since a representative of reporting research organization 0patch has confirmed that NTLMv2 is affected by CVE-2025-21308.

Windows Installer: zero-day EoP

Installing or updating software often requires elevated privileges, and researchers and threat actors have known this for a long time. The advisory for CVE-2025-21275 doesn’t weigh us down with lengthy explanations, it simply says that successful exploitation leads to SYSTEM privileges. Microsoft is aware of public disclosure of this vulnerability, but not in-the-wild exploitation.

CVE-2025-21275 is the latest in a long line of Windows Installer elevation of privilege vulnerabilities; Microsoft has now published 37 Windows Installer elevation of privilege vulnerabilities in total since the start of 2020, although only five of those have been zero-days, with only CVE-2024-38014 known by Microsoft to have been exploited prior to publication in September 2024.

PGM: critical RCE

Microsoft’s in-house research teams are a reliable source of vulnerability discovery in Microsoft products, and today we get patches for the self-discovered CVE-2025-21307, a critical RCE in the Windows Reliable Multicast Transport Driver (RMCAST) with a CVSSv3 base score of 9.8. The vulnerability is only exploitable on a system where a program is listening on a Pragmatic General Multicast (PGM) port.

In 2025, you might very well expect that any service that a major commercial operating system exposes to the network would provide at least some form of authentication capability, but if so, prepare to be disappointed by the Windows implementation of PGM. The concept was first described in RFC 3208, which was published in 2001 in an Experimental state and stayed that way. As Microsoft themselves put it, “the PGM specification [RFC3208] is ambiguous in a number of areas”.

Given the lack of required user interaction and remote attack vector for CVE-2025-21307, it’s well worth asking yourself: does our firewall allow a PGM receiver to receive inbound traffic from the public internet? If so, the second-best time to prevent that is right now.

OLE: critical RCE

Outlook admins who force their users to read emails in plain text only can skip this paragraph, but everyone else should be aware of CVE-2025-21298, a Windows Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) critical RCE with a CVSSv3 base score of 9.8. The eternal threat of the malicious inbound email finds expression again here; just previewing the wrong email in Outlook is all it takes for an attacker to achieve code execution in the context of the user. All versions of Windows receive a patch.

Microsoft lifecycle update

In Microsoft product lifecycle news, Visual Studio 2022 17.6 LTSC receives its last update today.

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